STUDY FARMASI

Jumat

ANALISIS KLINIK

1. Pemisahan Senyawa dari Sample :
   A. Cairan Biologis
   I Ekstraksi cair-cair
   II Deproteinisasi sample
   III Ekstraksi (solid phase extraction)
I Ekstraksi cair-cair(Liquid-Liquid Extraction)

II Deproteinisasi
Metode yang paling umum digunakan adalah pengendapan protein sebagai garam yang tidak larut

III Solid Phase Extraction(SPE)

Download document 1 here

Download document 2 here

Download document 3 here

(reliable source)

Rabu

Istilah yang sering jumpa pada obat dan farmasi

BSO            = Bentuk Sediaan Obat
BS               = Bentuk Sediaan
Inst. Fa.RS = Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit
SO              = Sediaan Obat
P                 = Pediatrik (Anak-anak)
A                 = Adult (dewasa)
F                 = Forte (Fortior = penuh, lebih besar)
G                 = Geriatric (orang lanjut usia)
Syr               = Syrupus
Cap              = Capsula
Capl             = Caplet (tablet berupa capsul)
Dry syr         = Sirup kering
DS               = Double strength (kekuatan belipat ganda)
SR               = Sustained release (lepas lambat)
Eye drops    = Tetes mata
Ear drops     = Tetes telinga
Nasal drops = Tetes hidung
Oculenta      = Salap mata
Top             = Topikal (Kulit)
Unguenta     = Zalaft, salap, salep
Epithema     = Obat kompres kulit (topikal)
Gargarisma = Collutorium, obat kumur
Antidote      = Penawar racun
Antiseptic    = Antiseptis, pemusnah hama
Derivate      = Turunan, generasi
Granule       = Butir, butiran
Retention     = Retensi, tambatan, tertahan
Enteral         = saluran pencernaan
Pan-enteral = diluar saluran pencernaan.
Per-oral       = melalui mulut terus ke aesofagus dan saluran pencernaan.
Inplantasi     = penggunaan obat dibawah kulit (menanam, mendepot) dengan membedah bagian kecil                        kulit secara steril
(reliable sourca)

SEJARAH OBAT

Obat merupakan semua zat baik kimiawi, hewani, maupun nabati dalam dosis yang layak dapat menyembuhkan, meringankan atau mencegah penyakit serta gejalanya.

Obat Nabati
Kebanyakan obat yang digunakan di masa lalu adalah obat yang berasal dari tanaman. Dengan cara coba-mencoba, secara empiris orang purba mendapatkan pengalaman dengan berbagai macam daun atau akar tumbuhan untuk mengobati penyakit. Pengetahuan ini secara turun-temurun disimpan dan dikembangkan, sehingga muncul ilmu pengobatan rakyat, seperti pengobatan tradisional jamu di Indonesia.

Munculnya obat kimiawi sintesis
Pada permulaan abad ke-20, obat-obat kimia sintesis mulai tampak kemajuannya, dengan ditemukannya obat-obat termashyur, yaitu salvarsan dan aspirin sebagai pelopor, yang kemudian disusul oleh sejumlah obat lain. Pendobrakan sejati baru tercapai dengan penemuan dan penggunaan kemoterapeutika sulfatilamid (1935) dan penisilin (1940). Sebetulnya, sudah lebih dari dua ribu tahun diketahui bahwa borok bernanah dapat disembuhkan dengan menutupi luka menggunakan kapang-kapang tertentu, tetapi baru pada tahun 1928 khasiat ini diselidiki secara ilmiah oleh penemu penisilin Dr. Alexander Fleming.

Sejak tahun 1945 ilmu kimia, fisika dan kedokteran berkembang pesat (misalnya: sintesa kimia, fermentasi, teknologi rekombinan DNA) dan hal ini menguntungkan sekali bagi penelitian sistematis obat-obat baru. Beribu-ribu zat sintetik telah ditemukan, rata-rata 500 zat mengakibatkan perkembangan revolusioner di bidan farmakoterapi. Kebanyakan obat kuno ditinggalkan dan diganti dengan obat-obat mutakhir.

DEFINISI ILMU FARMASI

Analisis Klinik
Analisis Jamu
Analisis Kandungan Tumbuhan Obat
Analisis Makanan
Anatomi & Fisiologi Manusia
Anatomi & Fisiologi Tumbuhan
Aromaterapi
Bahan Aditif
Bahan Obat Kelautan
Bioanalisis
Biofarmasetika
Biokimia
Biologi Molekuler
Biologi Sel
Bioteknologi Farmasi
Efek Samping Obat Alam
Ekologi Tumbuhan
Etnofarmasi
Farmakoekonomika
Farmakoepidemiologi
Farmakognosi
Farmakokimia
Farmakokinetika
Farmakokinetika Klinik
Farmakologi Dasar
Farmakologi Klinik
Farmakologi Molekuler
Farmakologi Umum
Farmakoterapi
Farmakoterapi Endokrin & Sistem Hormon
Farmakoterapi Infeksi & Tumor
Farmakoterapi Sistem Pencernaan & Pernafasan
Farmasetika Dasar
Farmasi Fisik
Farmasi Klinik
Farmasi Sosial
Fitoterapi
Fotokimia Obat
Histopatologi
Imunologi Farmasetik
Khemotaksonomi
Kimia Analisis
Kimia Bahan Pangan
Kimia Farmasi Anorganik
Kimia Farmasi Dasar
Kimia Lingkungan & Pengolahan Limbah
Kimia Medisinal
Kimia Organik
Kimia Polimer
Konseling Farmasi
Kosmetika Alami
Kosmetologi
Kromatografi
Kultur Jaringan Tanaman
Manajemen Farmasi Industri
Manajemen Farmasi Rumah Sakit
Manajemen Farmasi Rumah Sakit
Metodologi & Desain Penelitian
Mikrobiologi Farmasi
Naskah Obat Tradisional
Nutrisi
Parasitologi
Patologi Klinik
Patologi Umum
Pelayanan Farmasi
Pengobatan Alternatif
Perbekalan Steril
Produk Alami Kelautan
Produk Suplemen
Protein Farmasetik
Radiofarmaka
Rekayasa Antibodi
Spektrofotometri
Spektrofotometri
Stabilitas Obat
Statistika Farmasi
Teknologi & Formulasi Sediaan Cair-Semi Padat
Teknologi & Formulasi Sediaan Steril
Teknologi Fermentasi
Teknologi Fitofarmasetik
Teknologi Gena Farmasetik
Teknologi Kimia
Teknologi Sediaan Farmasi
Toksikologi
Vitamin & Hormon
Zat Warna Alami

Minggu

Dear God Lyric
A lonely road, crossed another cold state line
Miles away from those I love purpose hard to find
While I recall all the words you spoke to me
Can't help but wish that I was there
Back where I'd love to be, oh yeah

Dear God the only thing yo yeah
I ask of you is
to hold her when I'm not around
when I'm much too far away
We all need that person who can be true to you
But I left her when I found her
And now I wish I'd stayed
'Cause I'm lonely and I'm tired
I'm missing you again oh no
Once again

There's nothing here for me on this barren road
There's no one here while the city sleeps
and all the shops are closed
Can't help but think of the times I've had with you
Pictures and some memories will have to help me through, oh yeah

Dear God the only thing I ask of you is
to hold her when I'm not around
when I'm much too far away
We all need that person who can be true to you
I left her when I found her
And now I wish I'd stayed
'Cause I'm lonely and I'm tired
I'm missing you again oh no
Once again

Some search, never finding a way
Before long, they waste away
I found you, something told me to stay
I gave in, to selfish ways
And how I miss someone to hold
when hope begins to fade...

A lonely road, crossed another cold state line
Miles away from those I love purpose hard to find

Dear God the only thing I ask of you is
to hold her when I'm not around
when I'm much too far away
We all need that person who can be true to you
I left her when I found her
And now I wish I'd stayed
'Cause I'm lonely and I'm tired
I'm missing you again oh no
Once again

Download this song here
(reliable source)

Sabtu

Download file

Jumat

Perintah dasar dos 2

cd Pindah directory
contoh : cd windows, untuk pindah ke directory windows
copy Meng-copy file
copy file1.txt filebaru.txt Meng-copy file1.txt, nama file hasil copy-an adalah filebaru.txt. Jadi akan terdapat file1.txt dan filebaru.txt dengan isi yang sama. Ganti file1.txt dan filebaru.txt dengan nama file yang akan Anda copy
copy file1.txt c:\data Mengcopy file1.txt ke directory data pada drive C (nama file hasil copy-an adalah file1.txt)
copy file1.txt c:\data\filebaru.txt Meng-copy file1.txt ke directory data dengan nama file hasil copy-an filebaru.txt
dir Menampilkan file dan directory
dir a: Menampilkan file dan directory pada drive A
dir /p Menampilkan file dan directory per halaman. Perintah ini sangat berguna bila terdapat file dan directory yang banyak.
dir /w Menampilkan file dan directory secara "singkat" (cuma menampilkan nama file atau directory saja, tidak ada keterangan ekstensi, ukuran file, tanggal dan jam)
ren Mengganti nama file
ren filelama.txt filebaru.txt Mengganti nama file filelama.txt menjadi filebaru.txt
(reliable source)

Perintah dasar dos

PERINTAH DASAR DOS

cd Pindah directory
contoh : cd windows, untuk pindah ke directory windows

copy Meng-copy file
copy file1.txt filebaru.txt Meng-copy file1.txt, nama file hasil copy-an adalah filebaru.txt. Jadi akan terdapat file1.txt dan filebaru.txt dengan isi yang sama. Ganti file1.txt dan filebaru.txt dengan nama file yang akan Anda copy
copy file1.txt c:\data : Mengcopy file1.txt ke directory data pada drive C (nama file hasil copy-an adalah file1.txt)
copy file1.txt c:\data\filebaru.txt : Meng-copy file1.txt ke directory data dengan nama file hasil copy-an filebaru.txt

dir : Menampilkan file dan directory
dir a : Menampilkan file dan directory pada drive A
dir /p : Menampilkan file dan directory per halaman. Perintah ini sangat berguna bila terdapat file dan directory yang banyak.
dir /w : Menampilkan file dan directory secara "singkat" (cuma menampilkan nama file atau directory saja, tidak ada keterangan ekstensi, ukuran file, tanggal dan jam)
ren : Mengganti nama file
ren filelama.txt filebaru.txt : Mengganti nama file filelama.txt menjadi filebaru.txt

Rabu

Procedure
THE BASIC OPERATE COMPUTER

Material :
1.CPU
2.Monitor
3.Keyboard
4.Mouse
5.stabilizer

Steps of turning on computer
1)Make sure electrical connection has been installed properly, stabilizer and electrical switch, between CPU and monitor and stabilizer.
2)Turn on button in stabilizer/UPS, CPU, and monitor.
3)Wait while computer activating its operating system after finishing, we will see desktop display on screen.

Steps of turning off computer
1)Make sure that all application programs have been closed and all works have been saved.
2)Click left button of mouse on logo start on lower left corner.
3)On lower part, Log off and Turn off Computer appear. Click Turn Off Computer to turn the computer off that dialog box will appear.
4)Click Turn Off, the computer will be shut down.
5)Turn off the power button on monitor, stabilizer/UPS, remove cable from electric outlet.
(reliable source)

Jumat

cambriedge
the shorter the wavelength (rather like squashing a spring!). now look at figure 1.10, which shows a mitochondrion, some very small cell organelles called ribosomes and light of 400nm wavelength, the shortest visible wavelength. The mitochondrion is large enough to interfere with the light waves. However, the ribosomes are far too small to have any effect on the light waves. The general rule is that the limit of resolution is about one half the wavelength of the radiation used to view the specimen. In other words, if an object is any smaller than half the wavelength of the radiation used to view it, it cannot be seen separately from nearby objects. This means that the best resolution that can be obtained using a microscope that uses visible light (a light microscope) is 200 nm, since the shortest wavelength of visible light is 400 nm ( violet light ). In practice, this corresponds to a maximum useful magnification of about 1500 times. Ribosomes are approximately 22 nm in diameter and can therefore never be seen using light.
If an object is transparent it will allow light waves to pass through it and therefore will still not be visible. This is why many biological structures have to be stained before they can be seen.
The electron microscope
Biologists, faced with the problem that they would never see anything smaller than 200 nm using a light microscope, realized that the only solution would be to use radiation of a shorter wavelength than light. Both ultraviolet and x-ray microscopes have been built, the latter with little success partly because of the difficulty of focusing x-rays. A much better solution is to use electrons. Electrons are negatively charged particles which orbit the nucleus of an atom. When a metal becomes very hot, some of its electrons gain so much energy that they escape from their orbits, like a rocket escaping from earth’s gravity. Free electrons behave like electromagnetic radiation. They have a very short wavelength: the greater the energy, the shorter the wavelength. Electrons are a very suitable form of radiation for microscopy for two major reasons. Firstly, their wavelength is extremely short (at least as short as that of X-rays); secondly, because they are negatively charged, they can be focused easily using electromagnets (the magnet can be made to alter the path of beam, the equivalent of a glass lens bending light).
Electron Microscopes were developed during the 1930s and 1940s but it was not until after the second world war that techniques improved enough to allow cells to be studied with the electron microscope.
Transmission and scanning electron microscopes
Two types of electron microscope are now common use. The transmission electron microscope was the type originally developed. Here the beam of electrons is passed through the specimen before being viewed. Only those electrons that are transmitted (pass through the specimen) are seen. This allows us to see thin sections of specimens, and thus to see inside cells. In the scanning electron microscope, on the other hand, the electron beam is used to scan the surfaces of structures, and only the reflected beam is observed. An example of a scanning electron micrograph is shown in figure 1.11. the advantage of this microscope is that surface structures can be seen. Also, great depth of field is obtained so that much of the specimen is in focus at the same time. Such a picture would be impossible to obtain with a light microscope, even using the same magnification and resolution, because you would have to keep focusing up and down with the objective lens to see different parts of the specimen. The disadvantage of the scanning electron microscope is that it cannot achieve the same resolution as a transmission electron microscope.
Viewing specimens with the electron microscope
It is not possible to see an electron beam, so to make the image visible the electron beam has to be projected onto a fluorescent screen. The areas hit by electrons shine brightly. Giving overall a ‘black and white’ picture. The stains used to improve the contrast of biological specimens for electron microscopy contain heavy metal atoms which stop the passage of electrons. The resulting picture is therefore similar in principle to an X-ray photograph, with the more dense parts of the specimen appearing blacker. ‘false-colour ’ images are created by processing the standard black and white image using computer.
(reliable source)